Abstract
Smart city concept enjoys different aspects and a variety of definitions making it complicated to find out how much power citizens have in an envisioned smart city. This article is aimed at proposing a model help understand the level of citizen power as a dimension of public engagement. The suggested model classifies smart cities into three groups based on their potentials for the empowerment of citizens: bottom-up, beneficial, and techno smart cities, each one referring to certain intimations. This article illustrates that most of available definitions project beneficial smart cities where citizens enjoy a variety of facilities and opportunities but little power to affect smart city formation or governance. The improvement of life quality is a significant intimation for such smart cities and sustainability is a main goal for smartness. In this article, the suggested model and related intimations are applied to analyze Comprehensive Plan of Tehran City, an official document manifesting 2025 Tehran as a smart city. The analysis of the document shows that 2025 Tehran has little chance for turning into a bottom-up smart city, while there are many indications for a beneficial one.
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