Abstract
Between 2016 and 2018 a policy was implemented to increase the proportion of 20mph (32km/h) streets in Edinburgh, UK from approximately 50% to 80%, providing the opportunity to evaluate how behaviour and public perceptions change over time. This is important as negative public responses have been reported to limit the implementation of transport policies and may reduce the effectiveness of the policy. The Speed Limits Perception Survey (SLiPS) was developed to assess changes in public perceptions from baseline to 6 and 12 months post-implementation. We collected 3,485 individual responses to the survey, 64.6% (n = 2,253) of which included complete perceptions data. Using exploratory factor analysis, the following perception factors were identified: i) Detraction and resistance, ii) Support, iii) Rule following, iv) Child safety, and v) Walking safety. Following the 20mph implementation at 6–12 months: Support (ii) and Rule following (iii) had increased; Detraction and resistance (i) had decreased; and Child safety (iv) and Walking safety (v) had not changed significantly. These findings indicate that the public in Edinburgh became more positive towards the policy once it was implemented. However, more extensive policy or ongoing communication of the safety benefits of 20mph limits are needed to increase perceptions of safety that might lead to increased walking and cycling. Future research should aim to understand how those implementing speed limit interventions can positively influence public perceptions and how public perceptions about speed limits influence behaviour.
Highlights
Stars on the asymptotic giant granch (AGB) of the HertzsprungRussell diagram are an evolved form of low- and intermediatemass stars with initial masses in the range ∼0.8–8 M
In this study we focus on the rotational lines of halogenbearing molecules towards W Aql, especially AlCl and AlF, which were observed with ALMA
In the case of the possible NaCl line at 260.2231 GHz, emission is present at this frequency; we identify it as the 260.2248 GHz line of H13CN, with J = 3 → 2 in the ν2 = 1 excited bending vibrational level, which is in better agreement with the systemic velocity of W Aql
Summary
Stars on the asymptotic giant granch (AGB) of the HertzsprungRussell diagram are an evolved form of low- and intermediatemass stars with initial masses in the range ∼0.8–8 M. The AGB evolutionary stage is characterised by intense mass loss, of the order of ∼10−8–10−4 M yr−1 (Höfner & Olofsson 2018). The gas ejected by these stars forms molecules and dust in an expanding region surrounding the star, known as a circumstellar envelope (CSE). The CSEs of AGB stars are rich chemical laboratories, and a large number of different molecular species have been detected towards various AGB stars (Agúndez et al 2020). The chemical composition of the CSE is, to the first order, determined by the photospheric abundances of C and O of the star. We define AGB stars as oxygen-rich if C/O < 1 and carbon-rich if C/O > 1.
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