Abstract
In Internet of Vehicles (IoV), high vehicular mobility causes frequent changes in the density of vehicles, discontinuity in inter-vehicle communication, variation of network topology and constraints for routing protocols. Besides, with vehicular positions and street-level digital maps available, the intersection-based geographic routing becomes indispensable considering its ability for avoid forwarding packets through segments with low network density and high scale of network disconnections. In this paper, considering the benefits of intersection-based routing and challenges of high dynamic IoV, a Path Transmission Costs-based Multi-lane Connectivity Routing protocol (PTCCR) is proposed with the help from intersection nodes and/or neighboring nodes. First, we investigate the multi-lane connectivity based on vehicular speed under free-flow state for various types of road sections. Second, A Path Transmission costs (PTC) measurement mechanism is proposed considering the impact of the sequence of selected sections or intersections on the routing performance. After that, the PTC of sent packets is quantitatively analyzed and used as the path selection metric. Finally, the path with the largest multi-lane connectivity and lowest PTC is selected as the optimal path taking the transmission direction, neighbor's location and destination position into account. Numerical results show that our proposed PTCCR outperforms two state-of-art routings, i.e., the real-time intersection-based segment aware routing protocol (RTISAR) and Reliable Traffic Aware Routing protocol (RTAR), in terms of packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and communication overhead.
Highlights
The Internet of Vehicle (IoV) recently evolves as a new theme of research and development from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) [1]–[3]
We present the multi-lane connectivity probability model based on vehicle speed in a free-flow state, and deduce the multi-lane connectivity probability in each road section
Considering that different positions of road sections will have an important impact on the routing performance, the transmission costs of data packets sent from the source node is quantitatively analyzed and used as the path selection metric
Summary
The Internet of Vehicle (IoV) recently evolves as a new theme of research and development from the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) [1]–[3]. Packets are transmitted along the road layout In this way, because the link is prone to be disrupted by moving vehicles restricted within the layout, traditional geographical location based routing cannot work well in such an urban environment. In order to address this issue, the intersection-based routing strategies emerged, where the packets are forwarded along the road sections connected with intersections. Most existing intersection-based protocols still employ the greedy forwarding rule to select the relay node within roads and at intersections, which highly attenuate their routing performance [8]. Greedy-based forwarding reduces the number of hops, it results in a higher packet loss ratio, especially for vehicles with high speed These intersection protocols have no consideration on roads structure as well as vehicular driving direction when approaching intersection areas.
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