Abstract
Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a potent genotoxic carcinogenic compound, which is found in bracken ferns and predominantly causes gastric tumors in humans, as well as bladder tumors and chronic enzootic hematuria in cattle. The underlying molecular mechanisms of PTA remain a topic for interdisciplinary investigation. The aim of the present study was to determine the possible cytotoxic effect of 24 h of PTA exposure in Crandall feline kidney (CrFK) and human gastric cells (the HGC-27 cell line) using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) analysis. The cytotoxic effects of PTA (0.0005–500 μg/ml) were found to increase in a dose-dependent manner, whereby the half maximal inhibitory concentration values were 11.17 and 11.86 μg/ml in the CrFK cells, and 2.03 and 2.56 μg/ml in the HGC-27 cells, by LDH and MTT assay, respectively. The results of the present study are consistent with those of previous studies associated with the cytotoxicity of PTA; however, cytotoxicity was identified to occur at significantly lower doses. This cytotoxic effect in vitro at particularly high doses may be linked to the initiation of carcinogenesis as a result of oxidative stress.
Highlights
In Turkey, different types of fern, including Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn are consumed by water buffaloes and cattle, resulting in chronic enzootic hematuria (CEH)
The percentage cytotoxicity increased in the Crandall feline kidney (CrFK) and HGC‐27 cells in a dose‐dependent manner following 24 h of PTA exposure (Table I; Fig. 1)
IC50 values calculated for CrFK cells were 11.17 and 11.86 μg/ml, and were 2.03 and 2.56 μg/ml for the HGC‐27 cells, using the MTT and lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, respectively (Table II)
Summary
In Turkey, different types of fern, including Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (a poisonous plant, termed bracken fern, which is grown in the feeding grounds of the Black Sea and the Marmara Region) are consumed by water buffaloes and cattle, resulting in chronic enzootic hematuria (CEH). This is a chronic disease, which is economically significant worldwide [1]. H‐Ras activation has been demonstrated to be an early event of PTA‐induced carcinogenesis in a rat model [5] The overexpression of this protein has been demonstrated in bladder neoplasia and cystitis in animals that were naturally exposed to bracken fern. PTA‐induced carcinogenesis activates various cellular specific cellular signaling pathways in animals exhibiting bovine enzootic hematuria [6]
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