Psychothérapies cognitivo-comportementales de l’hypocondrie

Abstract

This paper reviews the cognitive-behavioural strategies of psychotherapy applied to hypochondria. Cognitive mechanisms of hypochondria are the tendency to amplify body manifestations (pain, fatigue…) and to interpret them in a catastrophic manner. The persistence of anxiety is due to a confirmatory bias, which increases the importance given to information congruent with anxiety. The exposure–response prevention model is an important technique in the treatment of hypochondria. This model has been validated in patients presenting obsessive compulsive disorders. Patients are invited to confront ideas or thoughts that induce fear. This confrontation is repeated or prolonged in order to induce the extinction of anxiety. Another cognitive approach is the step-by-step cognitive “modelling”. During the first step the patient assesses his stress-inducing thoughts concerning his health, he also has to assess the frequency of inadequate medical treatments. During the next step, the therapist helps the patient correct automatic thoughts and false beliefs concerning his illness. The last step is a phase of consolidation. The therapist identifies factors triggering anxiety and excessive medical care. All these behavioural cognitive therapies can be performed in individual or in-group processes. Therapies proposed to patients presenting generalized anxiety disorders can be adapted to hypochondriacs. Lastly, hypochondria can be understood and treated as a form of addiction to medicine characterised by a craving for medical care, for biological exams and for different forms of medication. According to this conception, the treatment can be conducted as a form of detoxification: patients identify the frequency of their pathological behaviour and find strategies to reduce and/or control them.