Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of mortality in the developing world. Modifiable risk factors of MI such as obesity, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are well known but besides these, there are many psychosocial factors that are independently related to MI. There is a striking dearth of reviews in the literature that examine, collate and summarize the impact of psychological contributors to MI. Present work was done to cover such gaps in knowledge and emphasize the need for psychological risk factors of MI to be considered while devising prevention guidelines and policies. Original research studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews focusing on psychological factors in the development of MI were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Elsevier, and Ovid Medline. Psychological factors like depression, anxiety, type A personality, stress, anger, hostility, social isolation and occupational stress were shown to feature consistently as risk factors for MI. Mitigating lifetime psychological distress may help decrease the disease burden of MI.
Highlights
IntroductionCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of both morbidity and mortality in the developing world and myocardial infarction (MI) is the most routinely encountered emergency in hospitals.[1,2] Modifiable risk factors for MI like obesity, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are well established risk factors but apart from these, there are many psychosocial factors that are independently related to MI.[3]
Modifiable risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI) like obesity, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are well established risk factors but apart from these, there are many psychosocial factors that are independently related to MI.[3]
Their findings revealed both anxiety and depression to be significantly associated with physical inactivity and excessive smoking, which themselves are risk factor for MI
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of both morbidity and mortality in the developing world and myocardial infarction (MI) is the most routinely encountered emergency in hospitals.[1,2] Modifiable risk factors for MI like obesity, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia are well established risk factors but apart from these, there are many psychosocial factors that are independently related to MI.[3]. Social isolation and lack of social support The relationship between CVDs and stress is complex due to the challenges of ensuring objectivity in measurement of stress but empirical data indicate relationship between stress and heart health.[19] Chronic stress has been implicated in development and acceleration of atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries.[4] Variables that are commonly regarded as components of stress like depression and anxiety, social isolation and lack of social support, acute and chronic life events, psychosocial work characteristics, type A behavior and hostility have been suggested as independent risk factors for the development of CVDs including MI.[20]. Further evidence is required to establish or disprove any relationship between MI and anger
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