Psychosocial distress patterns among key populations living with HIV in Nigeria

Abstract

Abstract Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a substantial public health challenge in Nigeria, particularly affecting key populations due to various factors such as diminished risk perception, engaging in risky sexual and behavioral practices, stigma, discrimination, and legal barriers. Recognizing and addressing the mental health and psychosocial needs (MHPN) of HIV-positive key populations are essential for implementing tailored interventions and ensuring comprehensive care, aligning with the Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) goal of ending acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by 2030. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted among key populations (KPs) living with HIV who were enrolled in care at 17 one-stop shop (OSS) facilities operated by Heartland Alliance LTD/GTE across six states in Nigeria. The assessment tool used was the HALG Mental Health Screening Form III (MHSF-III). The study population consisted of diverse KPs enrolled in OSS facilities across six Nigerian states. Data analysis was performed using IBM-SPSS version 28. Results: The study revealed varying levels of MHPN among HIV-positive vital populations, with sex partners (8.9%), prisoners (7.1%), and female sex workers (6.1%) showing the highest prevalence. Among participants aged below 20, the need was most pronounced (10.7%). Female participants had increased odds (AOR = 2.072) of experiencing MHPN, as did individuals with sexual partners (AOR = 1.591), a history of drug/alcohol use (AOR = 10.458), and exposure to gender-based violence (AOR = 7.733). All respondents received brief interventions, with 69.3% being referred for further psychosocial support and 47.6% ultimately receiving specialized mental health intervention. The majority of participants preferred in-person counseling (72.7%) and a single session (74.0%), and most displayed mild confirmation outcomes (86.8%). Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of tackling the mental health obstacles encountered by these vulnerable groups to prevent HIV transmission and ensure comprehensive care. To enhance the well-being of these populations in Nigeria, policymakers and healthcare providers should prioritize integrated care and support services. Lastly, future research in this domain should concentrate on conducting long-term studies to monitor the mental health trajectories of HIV-positive key populations thoroughly.