Psychopharmacological Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults

Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is a common disorder which results in a lot of secondary problems. Pharmacological treatment is essential in the management of ADHD. Stimulant treatment has for decades been proven to be effective and safe. Amphetamine was the first drug for this indication; most studies have been carried out with methylphenidate, which has been shown to be very effective and well tolerated. Newer extended-release methylphenidate preparations have considerable advantages. Because of hepatic side effects, pemoline no longer plays a role. Modafinil seems to have comparable effects like amphetamine. Atomoxetine is a potent norepinephrine-specific reuptake inhibitor which is approved for the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents and adults. Tricyclic antidepressants may be third-line agents. Bupropion targets both ADHD and depressive symptoms which are frequent comorbid conditions. Clonidine and guanfacine have positive effects in patients with ADHD and comorbid tics. Several other compounds may be beneficial in ADHD treatment.