Psychopathologie des troubles022 à expression colique de l'enfant

Abstract

L’anorexie mentale est un trouble psychiatrique grave, pour lequel on ne dispose que de peu de stratégies thérapeutiques validées. Le style sociocognitif particulier de ces sujets a été décrit dès les années 1960 : un style concret avec des difficultés d’abstraction. Des évaluations neuropsychologiques permettent désormais de mieux le définir, mettant en évidence une attention excessive aux détails, une flexibilité mentale défaillante, ainsi qu’une perception et une expression émotionnelles altérées, en dépit de performances globales comparables à celles de la population générale. La neuro-imagerie apporte également des arguments dans le sens d’anomalies morphologiques et fonctionnelles de structures corticales et sous-corticales, impliquant en particulier les circuits fronto-striatothalamiques. Au vu de ces données récentes, qui demandent à être davantage étudiées, ce profil pose la question d’une analogie avec les troubles neurodéveloppementaux, et la remédiation cognitive déjà proposée dans certains d’entre eux apparaît alors comme une voie thérapeutique innovante.Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychiatric disorder, for which very few validated therapeutic strategies exist. The specific sociocognitive style of anorexic patients has already been described in the 1960s: it involves a concrete style with abstraction difficulties. Current neuropsychological tests have contributed to a more precise definition of these difficulties.Contrary to common beliefs, these patients’ intellectual performances are not superior to those of the general population. However, detailed comparisons of profiles on the Weschler Scales suggest difficulties in synthesizing information and better abilities in concrete problem solving.The dominant hypothesis concerning the attentional dimension is the existence of a weakness in central coherence, resulting in superior detail processing and a weakness in global integration. This trend appears to be stable even after the normalization of nutritional status.The impairment of set-shifting abilities leads to rigidity, expressed by inflexibility and perseveration, both in reasoning and behaviour. This reduced cognitive flexibility appears to persist after recovery, and may constitute a familial trait. In addition, this likely endophenotype seems to be independent from obsessional traits.Alexithymia is frequently described in anorexic individuals. It is the verbal description of feelings which seems to be particularly impaired. It may explain underlying difficulties in empathy. Indeed, these subjects have lower scores on emotional tests drawn from the theory of mind. These cognitive abnormalities are well documented in pervasive developmental disorders.Evidence from neuroimaging suggests abnormalities in cortical and subcortical structures, involving the temporal and orbito-frontal lobes. Various functional hypotheses are formulated, involving fronto-striatothalamic circuits, amygdala or insula.Pervasive developmental disorders are over-represented among anorexic subjects in comparison to the general population. Conversely, restrictive and selective eating disorders are more frequent among individuals presenting an autistic spectrum disorder.In view of the common cognitive and neuroanatomical data that are found in anorexia nervosa and neurodevelopmental disorders, we adhere to the hypothesis that anorexia nervosa may be similar to a neurodevelopmental disorder. Clinical observations suggest that this hypothesis may be especially relevant in the early forms of anorexia nervosa. These cognitive data confirm the potential relevance of new therapeutic modalities such as cognitive remediation. Initial results from its application to anorexia nervosa seem promising.A review of the recent literature highlights the possible existence of a developmental impairment of cortical and subcortical structures, associated with specific abnormalities in cognitive development such as a weakness in central coherence, reduced set-shifting ability and poor social skills. On this basis, cognitive remediation may be a promising therapeutic innovation.