Abstract
Imagery can be defined as the ability to represent and rehearse in the mind behaviors related to a given situation. The Sport Imagery Questionnaire was developed to measure the frequency of imagery use among athletes. The present study aimed to adapt and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of this instrument. Study 1 appraised content validity using five sport scientists as judges to quantify the quality of the adaptation for each item; then the Content Validity Coefficient was calculated. Study 2 had 260 athletes from six types of sport answer the Brazilian questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test factorial validity, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to assess reliability, and comparisons between groups were used as criterion validity. Study 1 results showed good quality of the adaptation according to the judges. Study 2 showed a 5-factor latent structure which corroborates with the literature. Reliability of the scale was high (α = .91), whereas separately subscales ranged between Motivational General: Arousal (α = .87) and Motivational Specific (α = .94). Regarding group differences, sex showed no significant difference between men and women (p = .55; d = .09) and neither did levels of practice between amateur, semi-professionals and professional athletes (p = .71; f = .07). Types of sports revealed moderate effect size and significantly less imagery practice among synchronized swimming, football and beach volleyball athletes, whereas mixed martial artists showed higher frequency of imagery (p < .05; f = .23). Factor structure, reliability and validity of mixed groups are evidence of a successful cross-cultural adaptation of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire to Brazil.
Highlights
Imagery can be defined as the ability to represent and rehearse in the mind behaviors related to a given situation (Filgueiras, 2016a; Rúbio, 2008)
In items 12 and 30, the term “successfully” was changed to “well” in the synthesis-version, but returned to the original term after the author of the original Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) evaluated those items in the back-translation; it has not affected the scale’s original content and sounds only a little awkward, but is still adequate in Brazilian Portuguese
The lower correlation was between MG-A and Cognitive Specific (CS) (r = .22) and the higher correlation was between Cognitive General (CG) and CS (r = .64)
Summary
Imagery can be defined as the ability to represent and rehearse in the mind behaviors related to a given situation (Filgueiras, 2016a; Rúbio, 2008). Imagery is employed extensively in sport as a pivotal intervention conducted by sport psychologists to help improve athlete performance (Hall, Rodgers, and Barr, 1990; Kizildag and Tiryaki, 2012). There is a considerable amount of evidence suggesting that imagery boosts performance through: motivation (Kizildag and Tiryaki, 2012; Lebon, Collet, and Guillot, 2010), motor and technical learning and tactical planning (Filgueiras, 2016a; Slimani, Chamari, Boudhiba, and Chéour, 2016), cognitive dimensions such as WM, attention and emotional self-control (Mesagno and Mullane-grant, 2010). There is evidence that athletes show individual differences in frequency of imagery use, clarity, and control of mental representation (Hall et al, 1990)
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