Abstract
PurposeTo identify and monitor the developmental and participation needs of visually impaired (VI) children, the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) has recently been developed involving end-users as stakeholders. The aim was to investigate psychometric properties of the PAI-CY for children between 0 and 2 years.MethodsResponses from 115 parents were included in item analyses, after which a combination of classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) was used. Internal consistency, known-group validity, and test–retest reliability at item and scale level were investigated.ResultsAfter deleting four items, the PAI-CY met IRT assumptions, i.e., unidimensionality, local independence, and monotonicity, and satisfactory model fit was obtained. Participants with more severe VI and comorbidity scored significantly worse than those with less severe VI and without comorbidity, supporting known-group validity. Satisfactory internal consistency and test–retest reliability were obtained (Cronbach’s alpha 0.95, kappa 0.60–0.91, ICC 0.920).ConclusionsThe PAI-CY 0–2 years has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used to systematically assess and monitor developmental and participation needs of very young children with VI from parents’ perspectives in low vision practice and research. Confirmation of psychometric properties is necessary, possibly facilitating further item reduction, increased precision, and improved user-friendliness.
Highlights
The prevalence of childhood visual impairment (VI) is low [1], it has lifelong and far-reaching implications, for both children and their parents
No VI: logMAR ≤ 0.3 Mild VI: logMAR 0.31–0.52 Moderate VI: logMAR 0.53–1.00 Severe VI: logMAR 1.01–1.30 Blind: logMAR ≥ 1.31 or visual field ≤ 10° Unknown Comorbidity, n (%) Parent who completed the questionnaire, n (%) Mother Father Mother and father together Caretaker Nationality parent, n (%) Dutch Other Education in years parent, mean ± SD Financial situation parent, n (%) Usually enough money Just enough money Not enough money No answer missing at random; there were no indications for acquiescence bias
The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between test and retest data was 0.920 (95% confidence interval 0.880–0.946). With these acceptable psychometric properties, the PAICY 0–2 years should be useful in low vision services, in which the perspectives from parents of very young children with VI can systematically be assessed
Summary
The prevalence of childhood visual impairment (VI) is low [1], it has lifelong and far-reaching implications, for both children and their parents. According to parents of children with VI in the age band of 0–2 years and professionals with expertise in VI for this particular age group, sensory and general developmental issues related to attachment and well-being were among the most important concerns [2]. One of the most important outcomes of low vision services in children with visual impairment is participation, which for young children usually takes place in the family context [3]. In order to structure the process of identifying needs of children and their parents, the Participation and Activity Inventory for Children and Youth (PAI-CY) was recently developed involving end-users as stakeholders [2].
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