Abstract
ObjectiveThe Parent Effort Scale (PES) is a parent report questionnaire designed to quantify the level of effort required of caregivers to assist their children in developmentally appropriate home- and community-based activities. This manuscript describes the psychometric evaluation of the PES.MethodData collected from 304 parents of children ages 2–7 years (167 parents of a children with autism spectrum disorder and 137 parents of neurotypical children) were factor analyzed, calibrated using item response theory, and evaluated for construct validity.ResultsThe final PES scales are reliable and valid measures of the level of parental effort required to assist children in dressing, personal hygiene, sleep, socialization at home, participation in community events, and access to healthcare. A total score reflects overall parental effort.ConclusionThe PES can be used to plan and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that aim to help parents enhance children's participation opportunities and thus, support their cognitive and social development.
Highlights
Participation in home and community contexts is essential for children’s cognitive, social, and behavioral skill development, relationships, and health-related quality of life [1,2,3,4]
Child/Family Characteristics Parents provided sociodemographic information including child age, gender, race/ethnicity, family income, residential community type, and the primary language spoken at home
Fifteen Parent Effort Scale (PES) items assessed the level of parental effort required to enable children to participate in four types of home-based activities: dressing, hygiene/self-care, sleeping, and social/play activities (4 items: mealtime with family, play with other children)
Summary
The Parent Effort Scale (PES) is a parent report questionnaire designed to quantify the level of effort required of caregivers to assist their children in developmentally appropriate home- and community-based activities. This manuscript describes the psychometric evaluation of the PES. Method: Data collected from 304 parents of children ages 2–7 years (167 parents of a children with autism spectrum disorder and 137 parents of neurotypical children) were factor analyzed, calibrated using item response theory, and evaluated for construct validity
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