Psychometric evaluation of the Demands of Immigration Scale with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants: a pilot study.

Abstract

Each year thousands of people move across national borders and become immigrants of another country. They face several demands and sources of distress during resettlement. The Demands of Immigration (DI) Scale developed by Aroian et al. (1998), is the only instrument available to nurses (and other clinicians and researchers) to measure immigration-specific distress. This scale, however, is written in English and has only been tested with former Soviet immigrants in the Boston area of United States of America (USA) for psychometrics. This instrumentation pilot study is designed to evaluate the readability and psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the DI Scale. This selected scale is a 23-item, 6-point Liket type scale. Six dimensions are included: loss, novelty, occupation adjustment, language accommodation, discriminations, and not feeling at home. High scores indicate high levels of distress related to the demands of immigration. The study uses a descriptive, cross-sectional design with a multimethod approach. Seventy-three Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants (> or = 18 years) in the USA responded to the scale and a demographic questionnaire. Eighteen of them contributed to the interview data that were collected for assessing content validity of the scale. Observations during the interviews and participants' questions were also documented for the evaluation. Scale format, wording of items, distribution of responses, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, and construct validity are examined. Analyses suggest that the Chinese version is easy to read and understand. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability are satisfactory. This scale could be used with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants as a generic measure of immigration-related distress. Nonetheless, three main problems with its use with Taiwanese-Chinese immigrants and Chinese immigrants at large are revealed in the study. Each problem is discussed. Suggestions for further development of the Chinese DI Scale are addressed.