Abstract
Procrastination affects many people and impacts overall effectiveness of individuals and organisations. While some studies have examined the correlates of procrastination in terms of impacts on well-being (including depression and anxiety) and on performance, few studies have examined procrastination as a dichotomous construct, with most seeing procrastination as unifactorial. One such study defining procrastination as dichotomous was that of Chu and Choi (2005). The current study examines how psychological well-being is related to the concepts of active procrastination and passive (traditional) procrastination. Active and passive procrastination are related insignificantly to each other (we are not dealing with one dimension); but what would be the relationships among psychological well-being, active procrastination and passive procrastination? The different forms of procrastination may have different relationships to well-being and research is scarce; and further, treatment processes for avoiding the negative effects of procrastination should be tailored to the different forms of procrastination. It was hypothesised that psychological well-being would be related positively to active procrastination and negatively to passive procrastination. To answer this question, 152 university students aged between 18 and 54, mean age of 23.3 (SD = 18) completed the Active Procrastination Scale, the Passive Procrastination Scale, and Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being. Standard multiple regression was used, linking psychological well-being, age, gender, active and passive procrastination. The findings show active and passive procrastination are in fact separate constructs and need to be treated differently. Being an active procrastinator can be a sign of healthy well-being.
Highlights
There is little current empirical research on the relationship between psychological well-being and procrastination
The current study examines how psychological well-being is related to the concepts of active procrastination and passive procrastination
Active and passive procrastination are related insignificantly to each other; but what would be the relationships among psychological well-being, active procrastination and passive procrastination? The different forms of procrastination may have different relationships to well-being and research is scarce; and further, treatment processes for avoiding the negative effects of procrastination should be tailored to the different forms of procrastination
Summary
There is little current empirical research on the relationship between psychological well-being and procrastination. No published research to date has used the dichotomous concepts of active and passive procrastination to study psychological well-being; Chu and Choi (2005) claimed that passive procrastinators are more pessimistic and their lack of belief in their own skill set suggests an element of self-doubt. Active procrastinators appear to have lower stress levels and depression scores compared to their passive procrastinator counterparts (Chu & Choi, 2005), inferring that they are likely to have high psychological well-being Due to this gap in research in this field, this current study examined the relationship between well-being and procrastination and used the Ryff’s (1989) Psychological Well-being scale, the Choi and Moran (2009) Active Procrastination scale updating the earlier Chu and Choi (2005) approach, and a six-item Passive Procrastination scale. Further details follow on psychological well-being and on procrastination research that informed our study
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