Psychological Problems Associated With Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Deployment

Abstract

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) are the longest sustained ground combat operations involving American forces since the Vietnam era. Our continued involvement in these conflicts has yielded an experienced fighting force; however, to meet the demands of these wars, soldiers are often being asked to complete multiple tours of duty, thus increasing the probability they will experience a combat-related physical injury or experience one or more potentially traumatic events. This article addresses the major psychological issues of concern associated with OEF/OIF deployment and combat. A central aim of this review is to focus on posttraumatic stress disorder, but the authors also address other frequently observed conditions, such as chronic pain, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, and depression, all of which can have a negative effect on soldiers’ and veterans’ functioning and quality of life. Evidence-based assessment and treatment approaches are reviewed, and relevant resources for health care professionals are identified.