Psychological interventions in the treatment of cancer

Abstract

The status of psychological interventions with cancer patients is reviewed. Psychological treatment modalities are being developed and utilized with increasing frequency, although the nature of any relationship between psychological factors and malignant disease remains unclear. Eight variables are identified as being implicated in cases where improvement in disease status has been associated with psychological interventions. Research reports bearing on each of these areas are surveyed, and it is suggested that the variables provide a basis for formulating testable propositions. Clinical research programs could measure changes in medical status following interventions which: 1) alter stress conditions and their management, 2) work through unresolved grief, 3) stimulate will to live, 4) promote realistic positive expectations, 5) mobilize mental capacities for psychophysiological control, 6) constructively handle denial, 7) increase appropriate emotional expression, and 8) strengthen specified personal traits. Considerations related to conducting such research are discussed. The paper concludes by noting that while psychological approaches that influence disease course with cancer patients have yet to receive adequate investigation, palliative psychological interventions which might also have a beneficial effect on medical status are currently available.