Abstract

Small open reading frames (sORFs) which are translate to small peptides (100 amino acids or fewer in length) have been always excluded from genome annotations. In recent years, more and more biologically significant sORFs have been discovered to encode functional peptides or play regulatory roles on mRNA translation. In plants, an evolutionarily ancient micro-peptide, AtLURE1, promotes and maintains reproductive isolation through accelerating conspecific pollen tube penetration (Zhong et al., 2019); The sORFs in the 5' UTR of mRNA, usually named as upstream ORFs (uORFs), were reported to mediate translational regulation of their downstream main ORFs (mORFs) (Xu et al., 2017).

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