Abstract
Pseudomonas lipopeptides (Ps-LPs) play crucial roles in bacterial physiology, host–microbe interactions and plant disease control. Beneficial LP producers have mainly been isolated from the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and from bulk soils. Despite their wide geographic distribution and host range, emerging evidence suggests that LP-producing pseudomonads and their corresponding molecules display tight specificity and follow a phylogenetic distribution. About a decade ago, biocontrol LPs were mainly reported from the P. fluorescens group, but this has drastically advanced due to increased LP diversity research. On the one hand, the presence of a close-knit relationship between Pseudomonas taxonomy and the molecule produced may provide a startup toolbox for the delineation of unknown LPs into existing (or novel) LP groups. Furthermore, a taxonomy–molecule match may facilitate decisions regarding antimicrobial activity profiling and subsequent agricultural relevance of such LPs. In this review, we highlight and discuss the production of beneficial Ps-LPs by strains situated within unique taxonomic groups and the lineage-specificity and coevolution of this relationship. We also chronicle the antimicrobial activity demonstrated by these biomolecules in limited plant systems compared with multiple in vitro assays. Our review further stresses the need to systematically elucidate the roles of diverse Ps-LP groups in direct plant–pathogen interactions and in the enhancement of plant innate immunity.
Highlights
The Pseudomonas genus is ubiquitous and comprises species which are well known phytopathogens, such as P. syringae, or opportunistic human pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa, and host members associated with water, soil and plant surfaces [1]
Based on phylogenomic and Multi Locus Sequence Analyses (MLSA), the Pseudomonas genus has been delineated into 453 species which are distributed across three lineages (P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa and P. pertucinogena), several groups (G) and subgroups (SG) [4,5,6,7,8]
Pseudomonas biocontrol strains and their respective LPs are largely associated with strains situated in the P. fluorescens and P. putida group
Summary
The Pseudomonas genus is ubiquitous and comprises species which are well known phytopathogens, such as P. syringae, or opportunistic human pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa, and host members associated with water, soil and plant surfaces [1]. Several new LPs have been characterized within Pseudomonas groups [6,11,29] while the functions of some LPs have been recently characterized using insertion or deletion mutagenesis, crude LP extracts or purified LPs. Besides the review that highlighted the advances in Pseudomonas biocontrol [20], three recent reviews summarized so far the role of biosurfactants (mainly Bacillus LPs and rhamnolipids) in plant disease protection [30], described diverse elicitors of plant immunity produced by beneficial bacteria [31] and the use of Pseudomonas spp. as bacterial biocontrol agents to control plant disease [19]. Other aspects of LP-mediated plant–pathogen interactions are discussed
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