Abstract
PurposeSb is a metalloid that naturally occurs in traces in the Northern German Lowland Area, only. Its frequent and still growing demand for industrial purposes and its release during coal combustion and by vehicular emissions lead to an enrichment of Sb in topsoils. Numerous analyses on heavy metals have been conducted in the urban environment so far, but although Sb can be ecologically harmful and potentially carcinogenic, only few studies on Sb in soils were carried out.Materials and methodsDue to the formation of anthropogenic soils by men, especially in the course of industrialization and after World War II, more than 50% of the Berlin soils consist of anthropogenic material like redeposited natural material, debris, waste, or ashes. This composition of soils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area can function as a model for other metropolitan regions of Central Europe. In the urban and peri-urban area of Berlin, analysis of more than 900 topsoil samples has been performed measuring the content of 12 heavy metals and metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn). As a reference for the natural environment, soil profiles of typical parent rock material have been investigated taking also the regional (0.3 mg/kg), the local background value (0.61 mg/kg), and the baseline value (0.07 mg/kg) for Sb into account.ResultsBy doing so, we could show the spatial distributional pattern of Sb in the Berlin Metropolitan Area and statistically evaluate our results in dependency of land-use, parent material, and soil parameters such as organic carbon content and pH. Thereby, we could prove an average enrichment two to six times over the regional background value. Median Sb content is very low in forest topsoils (0.54 mg/kg) and reaches its maximum in roadside soils (1.75 mg/kg). Technogenic materials, vehicular emissions, industrial processes, and (former) land-use are the predominant factors for Sb enrichment and distribution in the study area. Some single samples show an enrichment of up to 600% of the regional background value for topsoils.ConclusionOur study revealed that the Sb content in the Berlin Metropolitan Area is elevated compared to natural environments. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that Sb is a previously neglected key pollutant, specific to metropolitan areas. Due to the high environmental relevance, further Sb data from selected investigated spaces in other metropolises and specific land-use types are needed to assess the potential environmental risk of Sb in metropolitan areas.
Highlights
1.1 Antimony—general properties and natural occurrence in Central EuropeAntimony (Sb) is a metalloid trace element of the 15 IUPAC group that is, depending on the environment, occurring in a tri- (Sb(III)) or pentavalent (Sb(V)) state (Filella et al 2002, 2009; Wilson et al 2010)
Due to the long-lasting history of emissions from industry, traffic, and coal combustion, topsoils of the Berlin Metropolitan Area are highly polluted with Sb and other heavy metals
Our case study revealed that Sb is a primary pollutant in the Berlin Metropolitan Area (BMA), which has been neglected in most of the previous urban geochemical studies so far, its occurrence and enrichment is specific for urban soils
Summary
Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid trace element of the 15 IUPAC group that is, depending on the environment, occurring in a tri- (Sb(III)) or pentavalent (Sb(V)) state (Filella et al 2002, 2009; Wilson et al 2010). In topsoils of Germany, geogenic Sb is mainly present in soils emerged from pre-Quaternary magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the low mountain ranges (e.g., Harz Mountains, Ore Mountains) (0.83–1.46 mg/kg), whereas in topsoils of Quaternary sediments of the North European Plain, it only occurs in low to very low content (< 0.6 mg/kg). The natural distribution pattern cannot be transferred to the microscale urban environment of the Berlin Metropolitan Area (BMA) with its heterogeneity in terms of parent material, land-use and land-use change, history, and, to a minor amount, geology. Anthropogenic input in industrialized countries resulted in an elevated heavy metal content in soils, in urban environments (Demetriades et al 2010)
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