Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience1

Abstract

Johnsen, Torbjørn M., Wenche Eikrem, Christine D. Olseng, Knut E. Tollefsen, and Vilhelm Bjerknes, 2010. Prymnesium parvum: The Norwegian Experience. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):6‐13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2009.00386.xAbstract: In Norwegian waters, Prymnesium parvum has been reported from Oslofjorden in the south to Spitzbergen in the north. However, blooms of P. parvum have only been reported from the Sandsfjorden system in Ryfylke, Western Norway where the salinity of the permanent brackish layer (2‐5 m) typically is in the range of 4‐7 psu during the summer months. The first bloom on record occurred in 1989, and it killed 750 metric tons of caged salmon and trout which was a significant economic loss to the fish farming industry. Toxic blooms occurred as well in subsequent years and the number of fish farms in the area decreased considerably as did the occurrence of P. parvum. In 2005, fish farming was reintroduced to the area and again, in 2007 a toxic bloom of P. parvum killed 135 metric tons of caged fish. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research has, in collaboration with “Erfjord Stamfisk” fish farm, set up a monitoring program that includes light microscopy cell counts of Prymnesium, water quality measurements, and observation of the caged fish. A submergible fish net was mounted over the fish pens and during the toxic outbreak of P. parvum in July‐August 2007, which was as previous years confined to the upper brackish water layer, the fish nets were lowered to 10 m depths below the surface and fish feeding was temporarily stopped. Despite substantial weight loss, the fish survived the toxic bloom and the economic loss was minimal. Monitoring of P. parvum bloom dynamics in 2007 revealed that populations were initially dominated by the nonmotile forms which were gradually replaced by the flagellated forms. Toxicity was observed when the flagellated cells dominated populations in the summer. Chrysochromulina, solitary small Chaetoceros species, and small centric diatoms co‐existed with P. parvum during the monitoring period (June‐October).