Proximate composition and energy density of nototheniid and myctophid fish in McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Abstract

Nototheniid and myctophid fish are primary prey for marine piscivores, yet little is known about their nutritional value. In this study, we characterized the proximate composition [PC: water, fat (neutral lipids), crude protein (CP) and ash] and energy density (ED; kJ g−1) of fifteen fish species from McMurdo Sound and the Ross Sea, Antarctica. We assayed the entire fish for all species except for the large Antarctic toothfish, Dissostichus mawsoni (muscle tissue only). On a wet mass basis (WM), fish were variable in composition: moisture content ranged from 64.9 to 87.3% WM, fat from 0.5 to 17.4% WM, CP from 7.7 to 16.7% WM, ash from 11.2 to 21.0% FFDM (fat-free dry mass), and ED from 2.9 to 10.3 kJ g−1. Myctophids and pelagic nototheniids such as Pleuragramma antarcticum and D. mawsoni were high in fat content (7–17% WM), while a bathylagid and benthic nototheniids including most Trematomus spp. and Lepidonotothen squamifrons were low in fat (0.5–4% WM). The epibenthic Trematomus species (T. eulepidotus and T. lepidorhinus) were intermediate. Energy density tracked fat content, with highest values in myctophids and pelagic nototheniids. The variation in nutrient and energy density confirms that prey composition must be taken into account when modelling energy and nutrient fluxes within the Antarctic ecosystem. Further analyses of prey collected over a number of different locations and seasons are needed in order to determine how the nutritional value of certain species might affect annual or decadal variation in reproductive success or population size of top predators.