Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the nutritional composition, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of red and purple variety of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) peels and Manihot esculenta (cassava) periderm and cortex layers. The proximate composition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, moisture, ash and minerals) was determined using standard methods while phytochemical contents (phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin and carotenoid) and antioxidant activity [2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays] were determined spectrophotometrically. Proximate analysis showed that both I. batatas and M. esculenta contained high carbohydrate content ranged from 75.07% to 87.04% but zero protein and low-fat contents (0.83-2.2%). For the mineral contents, I. batatas contained higher potassium, sodium, iron and magnesium than M. esculenta. However, calcium was found higher in M. esculenta as compared to I. batatas. For the phytochemical study, total anthocyanin content showed the lowest value (0.43-3.08 µg c-3 -gE/g) for both tubers as compared to total phenolic (37.28-71.79 µg GAE/g), flavonoid (4.98-16.50 µg RE/g) and carotenoid (14.54-46.66 µg BC/g) contents. For the antioxidant study, both purple and red variety of I. batatas showed higher percentages of inhibition using DPPH assay with 87.93% and 87.62%, respectively compared to M. esculenta. Meanwhile, FRAP assay displayed lower values than ABTS assay for both tubers. In conclusion, both tubers, I. batatas and M. esculenta have close values of nutritional compositions. However, I. batatas showed higher mineral contents (potassium, iron, magnesium and sodium) and antioxidant activity than M. esculenta. For the phytochemical content, I. batatas contained higher total flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents while M. esculenta contained higher total phenolic and carotenoid contents. Hence, this study suggested that tuber’s by-products have great potential for use in functional food as they are cheap and readily available as well as reducing waste disposal.
Highlights
Tubers are generally known as one of the important staple crops for human consumption
2.5 Determination of phytochemical content 2.5.1 Total phenolic content Total phenolic content was determined as described by Hassan and Bakar (2013)
3.1 Nutritional composition Tubers are always known as a rich starchy food
Summary
Tubers are generally known as one of the important staple crops for human consumption. Different tubers grow widely in different countries and conditions based on a few factors such as soil composition and climate. The composition of the tubers may vary due to the factors mentioned. Plants including tubers are potential source of natural antioxidants and act as secondary metabolites. Antioxidants can be found in the flesh and in the peel of the tubers. Natural antioxidants or phytochemical antioxidants such as phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid possess many functions such as prevent deterioration of the tubers, extending its shelf life. The searching for natural antioxidants to be used in the industry has increased due to its low toxicity, safe, and generally accepted (Ghasemzadeh et al, 2012)
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