Proximal Hamstring Injuries: Management of Tendinopathy and Avulsion Injuries.

Abstract

To outline the typical presentation, physical examination, diagnostic imaging, and therapeutic treatment options for proximal hamstring injuries to improve awareness, expedient diagnosis, and definitive management. Proximal hamstring tendinopathy and partial-thickness tears can often successfully be managed with a combination of non-operative modalities, including physiotherapy focused on eccentric strengthening, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, or peri-tendinous injections. Surgery is reserved for refractory cases, but can yield good outcomes. Contrastingly, non-operative treatment often leads to unsatisfactory outcomes in complete ruptures, with residual weakness and reduced function with poor return-to-sport rates. Instead, surgical repair can provide satisfactory outcomes, with good-to-excellent functional outcomes and strength, with acute treatment preferred over delayed, chronic repair. Hamstring tendinopathy and partial-thickness tears can be successfully treated non-operatively with good functional outcomes, with surgical repair reserved for refractory cases. Complete tears are best managed with surgical repair, allowing improved strength and functional outcomes.