Abstract
Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received attention as one type of multivalent-ion batteries due to their potential applications in large-scale energy storage systems. Here we report a prototype of rocking-chair ZIB system employing Zn2Mo6S8 (zinc Chevrel phase) as an anode operating at 0.35 V, and K0.02(H2O)0.22Zn2.94[Fe(CN)6]2 (rhombohedral zinc Prussian-blue analogue) as a cathode operating at 1.75 V (vs. Zn/Zn2+) in ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte. This type of cell has a benefit due to its intrinsic zinc-dendrite-free nature. The cell is designed to be positive-limited with a capacity of 62.3 mAh g−1. The full-cell shows a reversible cycle with an average discharge cell voltage of ~1.40 V, demonstrating a successful rocking-chair zinc-ion battery system.
Highlights
Emerging technologies such as smart grids and renewable energy grids utilizing solar and wind power are placing urgent demands on the higher performance of batteries for large-scale stationary energy storage systems (ESSs) [1,2]
Some inorganic examples would include various types of MnO2, Chevrel phase Mo6 S8 [10,11,12], Prussian-blue analogues (A2 Zn3 [Fe(CN)6 ]2 ) [13,14], Kx NiFe(CN)6 [15], Kx CuFe(CN)6 [16]), ZnMn2 O4 [17], ZnNix Mnx Co2−2x O4 [18], Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 [19], VS2- [20], VO2 [21], V2 O5 [22], VO1.52 (OH)0.77 [23], Mo2.5+y VO9+z [24], LiV3 O8 [25], Zn2 V2 O7 [26], Zn0.25 V2 O5 ·nH2 O [27], Zn2 (OH)VO4 [28], Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 F3 [29], Mn3 O4 [30], Co3 O4 [31], H2 V3 O8 [32], and Fe5 V15 O39 (OH)9 ·9H2 O [33], where zinc ions are reversibly intercalated into the structures in an aqueous electrolyte with ZnSO4, Zn(NO3 )2, Zn(O2 CCH3 )2, or Zn(CF3 SO3
A significant number of the inserted zinc ions were trapped in these Zn1 sites, giving rise to the first-cycle irreversible capacity of ∼46 mAh g−1 out of the discharge capacity of 134 mAh g−1 at a current of 6.4 mA g−1
Summary
Emerging technologies such as smart grids and renewable energy grids utilizing solar and wind power are placing urgent demands on the higher performance of batteries for large-scale stationary energy storage systems (ESSs) [1,2]. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been the most successful energy storage system, due to their high energy and power densities. Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have received attention as large-scale energy storage systems, and are expected to provide various advantages such as low toxicity and cost, abundance of the element, safety, and potential high energy density [6]. Aqueous zinc electrolytes lead to form byproducts at the zinc anode [16,41], causing another aqueous zinc electrolytes lead to form byproducts at the zinc anode [16,41], causing another problem problem to the solve in the form ofCoulombic the low Coulombic to solve in form of the low efficiency.efficiency.
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