Protostellar Outflows

Abstract

The formation of massive stars differs from low-mass stars due to their rapid evolution, relatively low abundance, and their burial within molecular clouds, making observations more challenging. Moreover, the mechanisms give rise to the formation of O-type and B-type stars, in particular, differ from those responsible for the formation of low-mass stars. The paper presents an overview of the two main theories that have been proposed to explain the formation of massive stars: accretion and collision theories. The paper also investigates several mainstream theories of protostellar outflows during the massive star formation phase, and describe the model and their simulation of these theories. These results may provide useful references and guidance for future studies on the formation of massive stars.