Proton-Transfer Reactions between Nitroalkanes and Hydroxide Ion under Non-Steady-State Conditions. Apparent and Real Kinetic Isotope Effects

Abstract

The kinetics of the proton-transfer reactions between 1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane (NNPE(H(D))) and hydroxide ion in water/acetonitrile (50/50 vol %) were studied at temperatures ranging from 289 to 319 K. The equilibrium constants for the reactions are large under these conditions, ensuring that the back reaction is not significant. The extent of reaction/time profiles during the first half-lives are compared with theoretical data for the simple single-step mechanism and a 2-step mechanism involving initial donor/acceptor complex formation followed by unimolecular proton transfer and dissociation of ions. In all cases, the profiles for the reactions of both NNPE(H) and NNPE(D) deviate significantly from those expected for the simple single-step mechanism. Excellent fits of experimental data with theoretical data for the complex mechanism, in the pre-steady-state time period, were observed in all cases. At all base concentrations (0.5 to 5.0 mM) and at all temperatures the apparent kinetic isotope effects (KIE(app)) were observed to increase with increasing extent of reaction. Resolution of the kinetics into microscopic rate constants at 298 K resulted in a real kinetic isotope effect (KIE(real)) for the proton-transfer step equal to 22. Significant proton tunneling was further indicated by the temperature dependence of the rate constants for proton and deuteron transfers: KIE(real) ranging from 17 to 26, E(a)(D) -- E(a)(H) equal 2.8 kcal/mol, and A(D)/A(H) equal to 4.95.