Proton sponge-functionalized silica as high performance adsorbents for solid-phase extraction of trace perfluoroalkyl sulfonates in the environmental water samples and their direct analysis by MALDI-TOF-MS

Abstract

1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (DMAN), a classical 'proton sponge', was functionalized on silica particles as a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent (DMAN@silica) for extracting perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSs). High reproducibility and excellent extraction capability for PFSs were obtained in a wide pH range (3.0~8.5). The adsorbed PFSs on DMAN@silica sorbents could be efficiently eluted by 1,8-bis(tetramethylguanidino)naphthalene (TMGN) solution which is a proton sponge with higher proton affinity than DMAN. The elution could be directly analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS using TMGN as matrix. Clear mass spectra for the PFSs were obtained due to no matrix ions interference observed. Furthermore, a novel strategy based on the DMAN@silica-SPE enrichment, followed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, was proposed and applied for PFSs quantification in environmental water samples. The calibration curves of each of the target analytes showed a wide linear dynamic range of response (0.1-10 ng L(-1) for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexyl sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorobutylsulfonate (PFBS)), which were over 2 orders of magnitude. The detection limits for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFBS were 0.021, 0.016, and 0.013 ng L(-1), respectively (S/N = 3). Recoveries of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFBS are in the ranges of 92-104%, 95-102%, and 98-109% for spiked river water samples. These results indicated that the prepared DMAN@silica adsorbents could efficiently enrich PFSs and that the proposed method is reliable.