Abstract
For the precise simulation performance, the accuracy of fuel cell modeling is important. Therefore, this paper presents a developed optimization method called Chaos Game Optimization Algorithm (CGO). The developed method provides the ability to accurately model the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The accuracy of the model is tested by comparing the simulation results with the practical measurements of several standard PEMFCs such as Ballard Mark V, AVISTA SR-12.5 kW, and 6 kW of the Nedstack PS6 stacks. The complexity of the studied problem stems from the nonlinearity of the PEMFC polarization curve that leads to a nonlinear optimization problem, which must be solved to determine the seven PEMFC design variables. The objective function is formulated mathematically as the total error squared between the laboratory measured terminal voltage of PEMFC and the estimated terminal voltage yields from the simulation results using the developed model. The CGO is used to find the best way to fulfill the preset requirements of the objective function. The results of the simulation are tested under different temperature and pressure conditions. Moreover, the results of the proposed CGO simulations are compared with alternative optimization methods showing higher accuracy.
Highlights
Experimental measurements are observed for the currents, voltages, and their characteristics. These data are used in the assessment of the efficacy of newly developed Chaos Game Optimization Algorithm (CGO) by calculating the unknown seven PEM fuel cell design variables
This article proposed a novel attempt by the CGO to extract the design variables of the PEM fuel cell model
The efficiency of the constructed model is assessed by comparing the numerical model performance with the experimental results of the three commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks tested
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In addition to the environmental impact of fossil fuels, they are declining and unsustainable sources of energy. For this reason, more focus has been given to develop clean renewable energy resources [1,2]. In FCs, electricity is generated by chemical reactions from chemical energy [3,4,5]. PEMFC is one of the FCs that have been widely used. The major characteristics and benefits of the PEMFCs are:
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