Abstract
Proton transfer over large distances is critical to biology, particularly so for cellular bioenergetics. Transmembrane proton pumps such as cytochrome oxidase generate a proton electrochemical gradient or proton motive force ( or PMF) across a membrane (e.g., mitochondrial inner membrane or bacterial cytoplasmic membrane) while other transmembrane proteins, such as the F1F0-ATP synthase, the flagellar motor, or secondary transporters, utilize the PMF to drive otherwise unfavorable reactions (e.g., ATP synthesis).
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