Abstract
Our primary research questions are: (1) What is the association between whole grains (WG) intake and the prevalence of NCDs (i.e., type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, mortality) and their biomarkers? (2) Which biomarker(s) has/have the greatest association with WG intake when combining multiple biomarkers together in the same analysis? Our secondary research question is: (3) Are there dose-response relationships between WG intake and biomarkers and prevalence of NCDs which could help inform a universal recommendation for WG intake?
Highlights
An intervention on body weight and inflammation did not show an effect on C‐reactive protein (CRP; a marker of inflammation) but several observational studies have shown that whole grains (WG) consumption leads to a decrease in body weight (Gaskins et al, 2010; Lutsey et al, 2007)
Our primary research questions are: 1. What is the association between WG intake and the prevalence of Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their biomarkers?
Which biomarker(s) has/have the greatest association with WG intake when combining multiple biomarkers together in the same analysis? Our secondary research question is: 3. Are there dose–response relationships between WG intake and biomarkers and prevalence of NCDs which could help inform a universal recommendation for WG intake?
Summary
Rye, oats, barley and other varieties of grains are some of the most important staples in the human diet. WGs unlike refined grains (RGs) are associated with favourable reductions in incident diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer and all‐cause‐mortality Studies show both weak and strong associations but there are a large amount of reviews (both systematic and meta‐analysis) supporting the latter (McRae Marc, 2017). Phytochemicals, similar to vitamin A, E and dietary fibres, may be responsible for the favourable associations between WG intake and disease risk (Kaur & Myrie Semone, 2020; Zhu & Sang, 2017) Despite these associations, some WG interventions have not presented compelling evidence for associations between WG intake and various biomarkers of NCDs. For instance, an intervention on body weight and inflammation did not show an effect on C‐reactive protein (CRP; a marker of inflammation) but several observational studies have shown that WG consumption leads to a decrease in body weight (Gaskins et al, 2010; Lutsey et al, 2007). There is the need for the formation of a high quality systematic review and comprehensive meta‐analyses which (a) adheres to the Methodological Expectations of the Campbell Collaboration Intervention Reviews (MECCIR) and (b) assesses the association WG intake on multiple health outcomes from both observational studies and controlled trials
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