Protocatechuic acid reverses myocardial infarction mediated by β-adrenergic agonist via regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, inflammatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic events.

Abstract

Myocardial infarction (MI) is an instant ischemic death of cardiomyocytes that remains a major global cause of mortalities. MI is accompanied by oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic insults. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a polyphenolic compound with various potent biological activities. In this study, we explored the possible cardioprotective role of PCA against isoproterenol (ISO)-mediated MI. Rats were either injected with ISO (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously) or pretreated with PCA (100 or 200 mg/kg, orally). PCA supplementation markedly normalized ISO-induced disturbed cardiac function markers (creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, and troponin T). Notably, PCA administration exerted remarkable increases in glutathione and its derived enzymes, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, as well as decreases in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels in the injured cardiac tissue. The molecular findings validated the augmented cellular antioxidative capacity by PCA via increasing the gene expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1. The cardioprotective efficacy of PCA extended to suppress cardiac inflammation as demonstrated by the decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and nuclear factor kappa B. Additionally, PCA prevented cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis by decreasing Bax, caspase-3, transforming growth factor-β1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and enhancing B-cell lymphoma 2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-3. The cardiac histological screening further confirmed the PCA's protective action. The obtained data recommend PCA as an alternative therapeutic agent to attenuate the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations associated with MI development.