Prothrombotic state and calcium deficiency in early pregnancy are risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Objectives To investigate whether the prothrombotic state (PTS), calcium deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in early pregnancy is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including consecutive pregnant women tested for PTS, calcium deficiency and IDA before 20 weeks' gestation between September 1, 2017 and March 21, 2021. For routine prenatal care, pregnant women underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to make a GDM diagnosis during 24–28 weeks of gestation. Testing data and relevant clinical information were obtained from Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital. To estimate GDM risk of exposures (PTS, calcium deficiency and IDA) in early pregnancy, we used logistic regression to obtain odds ratio (OR) adjusted for maternal age, parity, family history of diabetes and pre-pregnancy body mass index. Results The cohort included 8396 pregnant women with complete data of exposures and GDM outcomes. Baseline characteristics were not comparable between exposure and control groups. PTS (adjusted OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.61–3.52) or calcium deficiency (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.02–1.49) in early pregnancy was independently associated with increased GDM risk after adjusting covariates. There was no significant association between IDA status and GDM risk (adjusted OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.63–1.18). Conclusions PTS and calcium deficiency in early pregnancy may be independent risk factors of GDM. These findings need further validation in well-designed prospective cohorts.