Proterozoic Slushball Earth and Generation of Excess Oxygen not achieved by Photosynthesis

Abstract

According to the Earth-scale top model, the Earth’s axis was tilted approximately 1.8 billion years between 2.7 billion to 900 million years ago. This resulted in the freezing of the equatorial zone and the recognition of a Slushball Earth, explaining the Pongola, Huronian, Sturtian, Marinoan, and Gondwana -glaciations as well as numerous other historical events of the Earth. The hypothesis that nitrogen, oxygen, and water were formed due to nuclear transmutation at high temperatures and pressures, suggests that excess oxygen was produced during photosynthesis and nitrogen and water were expelled into the atmosphere from magma reservoirs in the upper mantle through an open system which caused volcanoes in ocean islands. The evolution of atmospheric oxygen concentration leading to the development of life over the past 400 million years, can be explained by the nitrogen released into the stratosphere through open systems while the magma reservoirs are blocked.