Abstract
IntroductionMicroparticles (MPs) are small fragments of apoptotic or activated cells that may contribute to pathological processes in cardiovascular diseases. In studies of MPs in clinical cohorts, it is unclear if observed changes in MP composition are a cause or a result of the cardiovascular disease being studied. The present studies employed a well-characterized rat model of experimental pulmonary embolism (PE) to determine if there were changes in MP characteristics as a result of pulmonary vascular occlusion. MethodsPE was produced by infusing 25μm polystyrene microspheres into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats. MPs were isolated by differential centrifugation of arterial blood 18hr after PE. Proteins were separated by 1D gel electrophoresis and identified from tryptic digests by ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Power Law Global Error Model (PLGEM). Changes in two proteins were confirmed by Western blot. ResultsExperimental PE produced pulmonary hypertension, mild systemic hypotension, hypoxia, hypercapnia and lactic acidosis. MPs showed significant elevation in proteins involved in clotting (fibronectin precursor, fibrinogen alpha, beta and gamma and von Willebrand factor) and several macroglobulin proteins, such as alpha-2-macroglobulin precursor compared with vehicle-treated control rats. Consistent with recent observations of hemolysis in PE, haptoglobin precursor protein, a major protein of hemoglobin clearance, decreased significantly in the PE animals. Plasma d-Dimer concentrations were significantly elevated, indicating that experimental PE produced a pro-coagulant state. ConclusionsThese findings suggest that experimental PE produced significant, changes in MP characteristics to a prothrombotic phenotype.
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