Abstract
Bacterial keratitis is a serious ocular infection that can cause severe visual loss if treatment is not initiated at an early stage. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Serratia species. Depending on the invading organism, bacterial keratitis can progress rapidly, leading to corneal destruction and potential blindness. Common risk factors for bacterial keratitis include contact lens wear, ocular trauma, ocular surface disease, ocular surgery, lid deformity, chronic use of topical steroids, contaminated ocular medications or solutions, and systemic immunosuppression. The pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis, which depends on the bacterium-host interaction and the virulence of the invading bacterium, is complicated and not completely understood. This review highlights some of the proteomic technologies that have been used to identify virulence factors and the host response to infections of bacterial keratitis in order to understand the disease process and develop improved methods of diagnosis and treatment. Although work in this field is not abundant, proteomic technologies have provided valuable information toward our current knowledge of bacterial keratitis. More studies using global proteomic approaches are warranted because it is an important tool to identify novel targets for intervention and prevention of corneal damage caused by these virulent microorganisms.
Highlights
Infectious keratitis is a serious, sight-threatening ocular condition
Bacterial keratitis is caused by a variety of species including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Serratia species with P. aeruginosa being the most commonly isolated Gram-negative organism (40%–70%) [4], followed by Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) among contact lens wearers [5]
Many virulence factors have been identified far using traditional approaches such as cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene knockout, and antisense technology, proteomic methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody arrays and Western blotting used in combination with these approaches have contributed enormously to our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of keratitis
Summary
Infectious keratitis is a serious, sight-threatening ocular condition. Early diagnosis, identification of the etiologic organism, and prompt antimicrobial therapy are required for successful treatment. Bacterial keratitis is caused by a variety of species including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Serratia species with P. aeruginosa being the most commonly isolated Gram-negative organism (40%–70%) [4], followed by Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) among contact lens wearers [5]. Many virulence factors have been identified far using traditional approaches such as cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene knockout, and antisense technology, proteomic methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody arrays and Western blotting used in combination with these approaches have contributed enormously to our current knowledge of the pathogenesis of keratitis This short review paper will discuss the use of the few proteomic approaches used to date for the study of bacterial keratitis, including identification of virulence factors and bacteria-host interactions for the most frequently isolated organisms. The value of expanding these studies and the need for more global proteomic approaches to the study of bacterial keratitis
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