Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and most cases are non-muscle-invasive. A high recurrence rate is a critical problem in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The availability of few urine tests hinders the effective detection of superficial and small bladder tumors. Cystoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, it is associated with urinary tract infections, hematuria, and pain. Early detection is imperative, as intervention influences recurrence. Therefore, urinary biomarkers need to be developed to detect these bladder cancers. Recently, several protein candidates in the urine have been identified as biomarkers. In the present narrative review, the current status of the development of urinary protein biomarkers, including FDA-approved biomarkers, is summarized. Additionally, contemporary proteomic technologies, such as antibody-based methods, mass-spectrometry-based methods, and machine-learning-based diagnosis, are reported. Furthermore, new strategies for the rapid and correct profiling of potential biomarkers of bladder cancer in urine are introduced, along with their limitations. The advantages of urinary protein biomarkers and the development of several related technologies are highlighted in this review. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of the scientific background and available protocols in research and clinical applications of the surveillance of non-muscle bladder cancer is provided.
Highlights
IntroductionUrinary biomarkers of superficial bladder cancers are still under-developed
A literature search was performed on the PubMed electronic database using the following keywords: ‘proteomics bladder cancer’, ‘bladder cancer AND urinary biomarker’, ‘bladder cancer early detection AND proteomics’, and ‘bladder cancer recurrence AND proteomics’
We explored the promising role of urine protein biomarkers in the screening and diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer
Summary
Urinary biomarkers of superficial bladder cancers are still under-developed. The few available options have poor sensitivity and specificity. Even though basic scientific advances are developing quickly, physicians still use conventional methods. Through this comprehensive review, physicians might gain new insights into new techniques in the scientific field and basic scientists may gain a deeper understanding of the urgent need related to these issues. A literature search was performed on the PubMed electronic database using the following keywords: ‘proteomics bladder cancer’, ‘bladder cancer AND urinary biomarker’, ‘bladder cancer early detection AND proteomics’, and ‘bladder cancer recurrence AND proteomics’. The search targeted studies that were published in English within the past 20 years, except for a few articles
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