Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world’s population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6–20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereal grains for half of the world’s population and ranks as the third-largest crop, after sugarcane and maize [1,2]
This review summarizes the current knowledge in starch biosynthesis proteins through the studies of proteomics and
Even though identification of the proteomics and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) has been conducted in rice developing seeds, there still remain significant gaps in their regulations in starch biosynthesis
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most consumed cereal grains for half of the world’s population and ranks as the third-largest crop, after sugarcane and maize [1,2]. The production quantity of rice was an estimated 214.08 million tonnes reported in 2018 [1], of which. India, and Indonesia were the top-three highest production countries (Figure 1). Cultivated rice consists of two subspecies, O. sativa japonica and O. sativa indica [3,4], which are highly distinct in terms of geographical distribution, visible morphological traits [5], and physiological characteristics (e.g., biotic and abiotic stress responses, cold tolerance, and seed quality) [6].
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