Abstract
To reveal the mechanism of salinity stress alleviation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we investigated the growth parameter, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and protein abundance pattern of E. angustifolia seedlings that were cultured under salinity stress (300 mmol/L NaCl) and inoculated by Rhizophagus irregularis (RI). Furthermore, a label-free quantitative proteomics approach was used to reveal the stress-responsive proteins in the leaves of E. angustifolia. The result indicates that the abundance of 75 proteins in the leaves was significantly influenced when E. angustifolia was inoculated with AMF, which were mainly involved in the metabolism, signal transduction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Furthermore, we identified chorismate mutase, elongation factor mitochondrial, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, calcium-dependent kinase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, NADH dehydrogenase, alkaline neutral invertase, peroxidase, and other proteins closely related to the salt tolerance process. The proteomic results indicated that E. angustifolia seedlings inoculated with AMF increased the secondary metabolism level of phenylpropane metabolism, enhanced the signal transduction of Ca2+ and ROS scavenging ability, promoted the biosynthesis of protein, accelerated the protein folding, and inhibited the degradation of protein under salt stress. Moreover, AMF enhanced the synthesis of ATP and provided sufficient energy for plant cell activity. This study implied that symbiosis of halophytes and AMF has potential as an application for the improvement of saline-alkali soils.
Highlights
Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and limiting factors for plant growth and agricultural production
Excessive expression of glutathione s-transferase (GST)/glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in transgenic tobacco under salt stress conditions for seed germination and seedling growth were improved more than for the control group, suggesting that GST/GPX increases the reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal in plants, protects plants from oxidative damage, and maintains the growth of plants [45,46]. These results suggest that the GST/GPX system is a key factor in the improvement of the salt tolerance of plants through its ROS scavenging ability under salt stress
GRXs gene silencing results in a significant decrease in the maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the actual electronic yield (Φ PSII) under high temperature stress. This is consistent with the results of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the early stage of this experiment [58], in which Fv/Fm, PSII, NPQ, and ETR in the leaves of E. angustifolia inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were higher than those of non-mycorrhizal plants under salt stress
Summary
Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses and limiting factors for plant growth and agricultural production. It is a major abiotic stress in the world. The question of how to treat saline alkali soil has attracted widespread attention around the world. E. angustifolia, a member of the family, Elaeagaceae, is a deciduous tree that is widespread in the vast desert and semidesert in the Northwest of China. A few varieties of the species, E. angustifolia, E. angustifolia, a member of the family, Elaeagaceae, is a deciduous tree that is widespread in the vast desert and semidesert in the Northwest of China. OItf 2i4s important to further improve the salt tolerance of E. angustifolia using biotechnology under csaanlinseu-ravlkivaeliincotnhdeiGtioonbsi,. Tthheesleearveessulotsf Ew.iallnpgurostvifiodleiamwoerree idneftoercmteadtiuonndfeorr stahlet sutnredsesrsctoannddiitniognos.f Tthheesfeunrecstiuolntsowf iAllMprFovinidtehemiomreprinovfoermmeantitoonf fpolranthtesaulnt dtoelresrtaanncdei.ng of the function of AMF in the improvement of plant salt tolerance
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