Proteomic Profiling and In Silico Characterization of the Secretome of Anisakis simplex Sensu Stricto L3 Larvae.

Maciej Kochanowski,Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba,Joanna Dąbrowska,Mirosław Różycki,Aneta Bełcik,Jacek Karamon,Tomasz Cencek,Jacek Sroka

doi:10.3390/pathogens11020246

Maciej Kochanowski, Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba + Show 6 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020246

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Abstract

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) L3 larvae are one of the major etiological factors of human anisakiasis, which is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases. Nevertheless, to date, Anisakis secretome proteins, with important functions in nematode pathogenicity and host-parasite interactions, have not been extensively explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the excretory-secretory (ES) proteins of A. simplex L3 larvae. ES proteins of A. simplex were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and the identified proteins were then analyzed using bioinformatics tools. A total of 158 proteins were detected. Detailed bioinformatic characterization of ES proteins was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, identification of enzymes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, protein family classification, secretory pathway prediction, and detection of essential proteins. Furthermore, of all detected ES proteins, 1 was identified as an allergen, which was Ani s 4, and 18 were potential allergens, most of which were homologs of nematode and arthropod allergens. Nine potential pathogenicity-related proteins were predicted, which were predominantly homologs of chaperones. In addition, predicted host-parasite interactions between the Anisakis ES proteins and both human and fish proteins were identified. In conclusion, this study represents the first global analysis of Anisakis ES proteins. The findings provide a better understanding of survival and invasion strategies of A. simplex L3 larvae.

Highlights

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), a nematode species belonging to the family Anisakidae, is among the most important foodborne parasites capable of causing a disease in humans called anisakiasis
Knowledge on A. simplex ES proteins is very fragmented, important aspects related to metabolism, pathogenicity, and hostparasite interactions are known to be associated with ES proteins
Comparison of Anisakis secretome proteins with ES proteins of closely related nematodes revealed that the A. simplex secretome contains a relatively high number of proteins with a low level of overall similarity to ES proteins of related parasites

Summary

Introduction

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), a nematode species belonging to the family Anisakidae, is among the most important foodborne parasites capable of causing a disease in humans called anisakiasis. This roundworm has an indirect lifecycle involving several hosts. Marine mammals are definitive hosts, fish, and cephalopods are intermediate or paratenic hosts, while crustaceans are intermediate hosts [1,2]. Humans, which are accidental hosts of A. simplex, are infected by third-stage (L3) larvae of this nematode, the source of which are infected marine fish or cephalopods [1,3]. Other areas of occurrence (e.g., western Mediterranean Sea) were reported [1,4,5]

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