Abstract
Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group of compounds that share commonalities with biological and chemical agents. Among them, protein toxins represent a considerable, diverse set. They cover a broad range of molecular weights from less than 1000 Da to more than 150 kDa. This review aims to compare conventional detection methods of protein toxins such as in vitro bioassays with proteomic methods, including immunoassays and mass spectrometry-based techniques and their combination. Special emphasis is given to toxins falling into a group of selected agents, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, such as Staphylococcal enterotoxins, Bacillus anthracis toxins, Clostridium botulinum toxins, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, ricin from Ricinus communis, Abrin from Abrus precatorius or control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union, including lesser known protein toxins such as Viscumin from Viscum album. The analysis of protein toxins and monitoring for biological threats, i.e., the deliberate spread of infectious microorganisms or toxins through water, food, or the air, requires rapid and reliable methods for the early identification of these agents.
Highlights
Bacterial and plant protein toxins are among the most powerful poisons known
The results demonstrated that the combination of peptic pretreatment and multidimensional nano-LC–mass spectrometry (MS)/MS
It is clear that a variety of methods are available for each of the reviewed toxins based on different detection principles
Summary
Bacterial and plant protein toxins are among the most powerful poisons known Protein toxins, especially those of bacterial origin, have harmful effects and often are considered as potential agents used for bio-terrorism and warfare [1]. The threat posed by bioterrorism is still a serious concern, as the consequences of a large-scale biological attack would be devastating, causing significant social and economic problems, while being potentially available at relatively modest cost without the need for specific sophisticated technology [2]. According to their above-mentioned properties, biological toxins and their organisms of origin are classified as category A, B, or C priority pathogens depending on how they can be spread and the severity of illness they cause [3]. Similar lists exist for control of trade in dual-use items in the European Union [4]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
