Abstract
Phosphorus is a major nutrient acquired by plants via high-affinity inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporters. To determine the adaptation and homeostasis strategy to Pi starvation, we compared the proteome analysis of tomato leaves that were treated with and without Pi (as KH2PO4) for 10 days. Among 600 reproducible proteins on 2-DE gels 46 of them were differentially expressed. These proteins were involved in major metabolic pathways, including photosynthesis, transcriptional/translational regulations, carbohydrate/energy metabolism, protein synthesis, defense response, and other secondary metabolism. The results also showed that the reduction in photosynthetic pigments lowered P content under –Pi treatments. Furthermore, high-affinity Pi transporters (lePT1 and lePT2) expressed in higher amounts under –Pi treatments. Also, the accumulation of Pi transporters was observed highly in the epidermis and palisade parenchyma under +Pi treatments compared to –Pi treatments. Our data suggested that tomato plants developed reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms to cope with low Pi content, including the up-regulation of proteins mostly involved in important metabolic pathways. Moreover, Pi-starved tomato plants increased their internal Pi utilization efficiency by increasing the Pi transporter genes and their rational localization. These results thus provide imperative information about how tomato plants respond to Pi starvation and its homeostasis.
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient necessary for plant growth and development [1,2,3]
Another possible effect of Pi starvation in tomato plants was the production of reactive oxygen species which were observed by H2O2 and O2-1 localizations in our studies (Fig 2)
The expression of certain genes encoding proteins of photosynthesis, including photosystem I (PSI), photosystem II (PSII), ribulsoe-1,5-bisphophate oxygenase (RuBisCO), and chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins were repressed by Pi starvation [7,8, 40] whereas, our study showed the induction photosynthetic proteins
Summary
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient necessary for plant growth and development [1,2,3]. To cope with Pi limitation, plants have developed an organized mechanism to maintain homeostasis such as the acquisition of Pi from soil and remobilization, as well as improving cellular metabolism of plants for Pi uptake [6]. These organized mechanisms under Pi starvation have resulted a reprogramming of plant metabolism by studying gene expressions, DNA microarrays [7,8,9], proteomics [10,11,12,13], and metabolite profiling [10,11,12,13]. Proteomics is an ideal tool for characterizing the protein profile of plants because it provides an overview of proteins and assists in the detection of signal transduction pathways and protein function [14,15,16]
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