Abstract
Deer antlers are unusual mammalian organs that can fully regenerate after annual shedding. Stem cells resident in the pedicle periosteum (PPCs) provide the main cell source for antler regeneration. Central to various cellular processes are plasma membrane proteins, but the expression of these proteins has not been well documented in antler regeneration. In the present study, plasma membrane proteins of PPCs and facial periosteal cells (FPCs) were analyzed using label-free liquid chromatography–mass spetrometry (LC–MS/MS). A total of 1739 proteins were identified. Of these proteins, 53 were found solely in the PPCs, 100 solely in the FPCs, and 1576 co-existed in both PPCs and FPCs; and 39 were significantly up-regulated in PPCs and 49 up-regulated in FPCs. In total, 226 gene ontology (GO) terms were significantly enriched from the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Five clusters of biological processes from these GO terms comprised responses to external stimuli, signal transduction, membrane transport, regulation of tissue regeneration, and protein modification processes. Further studies are required to demonstrate the relevancy of these DEPs in antler stem cell biology and antler regeneration.
Highlights
The ultimate goal of modern regenerative biology and medicine is to achieve tissue/organ regeneration [1]
Several key regulatory proteins, such as TGFBR, VEGF, and ITGA/B were significantly up-regulated in the PP cells (PPC), indicating that the PI3K/AKT and VEGF signaling pathways are involved in rapid cell proliferation and angiogenesis during antler regeneration
24 gene ontology (GO) terms involved in the regulation of tissue regeneration were enriched from differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the PPCs vs. facial periosteal cells (FPCs); including wound healing, cell migration, and vasculature development, (Figure 3)
Summary
The ultimate goal of modern regenerative biology and medicine is to achieve tissue/organ regeneration [1]. Classic models for regeneration studies, such as planaria, zebrafish and salamander, are lower-level animals. It is not known whether the mechanisms underpinning these regeneration models can be applied to mammals, including human beings. PP deletion and membrane insertion experiments demonstrated that PP is the key tissue type that initiates antler regeneration [7]. Further characterization of antler stem cells (ASCs) is a prerequisite for advancing our knowledge of antler regeneration. One key area lacking in understanding of ASCs is our knowledge of proteins associated with the cell membrane in these cells. CiGdeOemnaatnrifikaeleyrdssisssuopcmrhoeavsirdeCecDdep9a,toCgreDsn2er9re,agClupDlra4ot4fe,idlCinDbgi7of3ol,orCgDDicE9aP0ls,p,CaaDnth1d0w5K,ayayonstdoin the PPCsE.nOcyvcelorpaleld, itahoisf GsteundesyacnodnGtreibnoumteesst(oKEoGurGu) pnadtehrwstaaynadnianlygsiosfidtheentmifioedlescoumlaerrbecaespistoorsf rtehgeuslatetemd cells drivibnigolaongticlearl rpeagtehnwearyastioinn.the PPCs. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the molecular basis of the stem cells driving antler regeneration
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