Abstract
Improving soybean growth and tolerance under environmental stress is crucial for sustainable development. Millimeter waves are a radio-frequency band with a wavelength range of 1–10 mm that has dynamic effects on organisms. To investigate the potential effects of millimeter-waves irradiation on soybean seedlings, morphological and proteomic analyses were performed. Millimeter-waves irradiation improved the growth of roots/hypocotyl and the tolerance of soybean to flooding stress. Proteomic analysis indicated that the irradiated soybean seedlings recovered under oxidative stress during growth, whereas proteins related to glycolysis and ascorbate/glutathione metabolism were not affected. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the promotive effect of millimeter waves to glycolysis- and redox-related pathways under flooding conditions. Sugar metabolism was suppressed under flooding in unirradiated soybean seedlings, whereas it was activated in the irradiated ones, especially trehalose synthesis. These results suggest that millimeter-waves irradiation on soybean seeds promotes the recovery of soybean seedlings under oxidative stress, which positively regulates soybean growth through the regulation of glycolysis and redox related pathways.
Highlights
The Leguminosae comprise about 18,000 species, most of which are able to participate in nitrogen-fixing symbioses [1]
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is not a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, increased GAPDH mediated the glycolysis rate as a mechanism by which the plant cell prepared for a demand of ATP [29]. These findings suggest that millimeter-waves irradiation alters sugar metabolism of soybean during flooding stress, which might promote the accumulation of soluble sugars and positively facilitate soybean growth through upregulation of GAPDH in glycolysis
The productivity of soybean is largely dependent on the plant’s early stage development, during which the soybean growth is influenced by environmental stressors such as flooding [6,7]
Summary
The Leguminosae comprise about 18,000 species, most of which are able to participate in nitrogen-fixing symbioses [1]. These plants play an important ecological role as interesting sources of vegetable proteins [2]. Soybean is an important crop for both protein meal and vegetable oil [5]. The growth and yield of a soybean are strongly affected by diverse environmental conditions [6]. These findings indicate that improvement of soybean quality and tolerance under environmental stress is utmostly crucial
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