Abstract
Intensive development of systemic biology involves intensification of such branches as proteomics and lipidomics, which are valid for systemic biology of plants. This trend is obvious due to the rapidly growing number of publications on proteomes and lipidomes of plant cells, tissues, and whole organs. Particulars of the plant nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have been rather well detailed in this regard. However, these data are scarce concerning the tonoplast, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and other single-membrane organelles of the plant cell. This review surveys the current concepts related to specificity of protein and lipid spectra in the membrane structures of plant cells. The little data describing changes in these parameters in the course of development and under stress pressure are also analyzed.
Highlights
The fundamental function of the eukaryotic cell membranes is compartmentalization of biochemical as well as physiological processes
More than 70% of the transporters of the largest group of integral proteins are detected in the PM of the leaf cells, 32% are present in the membranes of all three tissues, and only 25% are exclusively found in the plasma membranes of the cells of xylem and/or cambium/phloem
More than 70% of proteins participating in the cell wall formation and carbohydrate metabolism and all the proteins involved in membrane transfer are identified in the plasma membrane of xylem cells
Summary
The fundamental function of the eukaryotic cell membranes is compartmentalization of biochemical as well as physiological processes. The peculiar feature of the plant PM is that it contains the maximal amounts of sphingolipids and sterols in comparison with the intracellular membranes Another trait is a high variability in the ratio between GPL and other membrane lipids depending on the cell type, particular organ, or taxonomy [49, 57]. The PM is enriched with sterols and sphingolipids with long-chain fatty acids; GPL of this membrane is acylated with fatty acid radicals that are less saturated than in the remaining PM In this regard, the plasma membrane composition of the plasmodesmа is similar to that of the lipid raft. Infection by the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata changes the content of 21 proteins in the PM proteome of mint (Mentha arvensis) They comprise functional groups: proteins participating in defense responses, those associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and those accomplishing transport processes [46]. These changes may represent both rapid signals and adaptive rearrangements; they can characterize the growth processes
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