Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and has become a major health problem across the world. The root bark of Morus alba L. is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treatment and management of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the enzyme inhibitory potentials of three principle components, mulberrofuran G (1), albanol B (2), and kuwanon G (3) in M. alba root bark against diabetes, establish their enzyme kinetics, carry out a molecular docking simulation, and demonstrate the glucose uptake activity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Compounds 1–3 showed potent mixed-type enzyme inhibition against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glucosidase. In particular, molecular docking simulations of 1–3 demonstrated negative binding energies in both enzymes. Moreover, 1–3 were non-toxic up to 5 µM concentration in HepG2 cells and enhanced glucose uptake significantly and decreased PTP1B expression in a dose-dependent manner in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Our overall results depict 1–3 from M. alba root bark as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as insulin sensitizers. These active constituents in M. alba may potentially be utilized as an effective treatment for T2DM.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin or when the body cannot take full advantage of its insulin
T2DM is the most common form of DM. It occurs in quick succession and is characterized by inadequacy in insulin secretion and resistance to insulin in its target organs
The association of insulin resistance with obesity and T2DM and the fact that insulin receptor signaling is mediated by tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation have generated great interest in the homeostasis of tyrosine phosphorylation
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin or when the body cannot take full advantage of its insulin. DM has become a major health problem around the world. In the intestinal lumen and brush border membrane, α-glucosidase plays a main role in carbohydrate digestion, and its inhibitors can prevent development of diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting blood glucose [4]. Natural products, especially those used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), possess lower cytotoxicity and side effects than synthetic drugs and have become a subject of interest for scientists
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