Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are associated with diabetes and its complications. AGEs are formed by the non-enzymatic reactions of proteins and reducing sugars, such as glucose and ribose. Ribose is widely used in glycation research as it generates AGEs more rapidly than glucose. This study analyzed the AGE structures generated from ribose-modified protein by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Among these AGEs, Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) was the most abundant in ribose-glycated bovine serum albumin (ribated-BSA) among others, such as Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, Nε-(carboxyethyl) lysine, and Nω-(carboxymethyl) arginine. Surprisingly, MG-H1 was produced by ribated-BSA in a time-dependent manner, whereas methylglyoxal levels (MG) were under the detectable level. In addition, Trapa bispinosa Roxb. hot water extract (TBE) possesses several anti-oxidative compounds, such as ellagic acid, and has been reported to inhibit the formation of MG-H1 in vivo. Thus, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of TBE on MG-H1 formation using ribose- or MG-modified proteins. TBE inhibited MG-H1 formation in gelatin incubated with ribose and ribated-BSA, but not in MG-modified gelatin. Furthermore, MG-H1 formation was inhibited by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. These results demonstrated that ribose reacts with proteins to generate Amadori compounds and form MG-H1 via oxidation.
Highlights
Academic Editor: Hartmut SchlüterThe number of deaths caused by lifestyle-related diseases, such as cancer, heart stroke, and type 2 diabetes, is increasing worldwide [1]
Glucose is thought to be the major precursor of MG-H1 forHowever, ribose is deeply involved in advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formations because of its higher reacmation
Ribose is deeply involved in AGE formations because of its higher tivity with proteins compared to that of glucose
Summary
Academic Editor: Hartmut SchlüterThe number of deaths caused by lifestyle-related diseases, such as cancer, heart stroke, and type 2 diabetes, is increasing worldwide [1]. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes is projected to reach 470 million by 2030 [2]. Diabetes is associated with serious complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and arteriosclerosis; it is important to prevent their pathogenesis as treatment is difficult once they have progressed. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes increases the formation of AGEs [5]. The accumulation of AGEs is enhanced by the pathogenesis of diabetic complications [6]. It has been reported that the levels of Nε -(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) [7] and Nδ -(5-hydro-5-methyl4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) [8], one of AGEs, are increased in the plasma of patients with nephropathy [9]. Inhibiting the formation of AGEs is hypothesized to prevent the progression of diabetic complications
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