Protein Kinase C Isoforms Distinctly Regulate Propofol-induced Endothelium-dependent and Endothelium-independent Vasodilation

Abstract

Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms improve endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and contractile Ca sensitivity in blood vessels. These actions may have opposite effects on propofol-induced vasodilation. This study examines the hypothesis that propofol induces relaxation by enhancing the PKC-mediated nitric oxide synthesis in endothelium and/or inhibiting the PKC-regulated Ca sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). Propofol (1-100 μM) induced greater relaxation in endothelium-intact rings compared with denuded rings, and this effect was antagonized by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In contrast, treatment with the general PKC inhibitor GF-109203X augmented both the endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxation induced by propofol, and this enhancement was more profound in the intact rings at lower propofol concentrations. The enhancement was unaffected by L-NAME. Interestingly, calphostin C (an inhibitor of conventional and novel PKCs) and Gö-6976 (an inhibitor of conventional PKCs) had similar effects in augmenting propofol-induced relaxation in endothelium-denuded rings. Downregulation of novel isoforms not only reduced the norepinephrine-elicited contraction but also decreased the magnitude of propofol-induced relaxation. In vascular smooth muscle cells, propofol prevented norepinephrine-elicited phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Propofol can increase the PKC-mediated availability of nitric oxide but inhibit the novel PKC-regulated Ca-sensitization, which provides a novel explanation for the mechanism of propofol-induced vasodilation.