Abstract
Plant-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) have received increased attention in the last decade because of their potential to improve yield, nutritional quality as well as tolerance to abiotic stressors. The current study investigated the effects and the molecular mechanisms of a legume-derived PH under optimal and sub-optimal nitrogen (N) concentrations (112 and 7 mg L−1, respectively) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Growth and mineral composition of tomato plants treated with PHs by foliar spray or substrate drench were compared to untreated plants. In addition, the expression was determined of genes encoding ammonium and nitrate transporters and seven enzymes involved in N metabolism: nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase 1 (GS1), glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase (GLT), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (GLS), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). The root and total plant dry weight, SPAD index and leaf nitrogen content were higher by 21, 17, 7, and 6%, respectively, in plants treated by a substrate drench in comparison to untreated tomato plants, whereas foliar application of PH gave intermediate values. PH-treated plants grown with lower N availability showed reduced expression of NR and NiR as well as of nitrate and ammonium transporter transcripts in both leaf and root tissues in comparison with untreated plants; this was especially pronounced after application of PH by substrate drench. Conversely, the transcript level of an amino acid transporter gene was up-regulated in comparison with untreated plants. At high N regime, the transcript levels of the ammonium and amino acid transporters and also NR, NiR, and GLT were significantly up-regulated in root after PH foliar and substrate drench applications compared with untreated plants. An up-regulation was also observed for GS1, GS2, and GDH transcripts in leaf after substrate drench. These results highlighted the potential benefits of using legume PH in vegetable production systems to increase growth and N-nutritional status of plants.
Highlights
Nitrate (NO3−) constitutes the most important and available form of nitrogen (N) taken up readily in large quantities by vegetable crops to secure maximal productivity (Colla et al, 2010, 2011)
Recent review papers (Calvo et al, 2014; Halpern et al, 2015; Colla et al, 2015, 2017b) aiming to elucidate the mechanisms regulating these positive effects indicate that these products could affect crops by stimulating N metabolism through the regulation of key enzymes involved in N assimilation, and interfering with hormone-like activity (Schiavon et al, 2008; Ertani et al, 2009; Colla et al, 2014)
soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, the dry weight of stems, root and total dry weight were influenced by N level in the nutrient solution and biostimulant treatments with no significant N level × biostimulant interaction, whereas the leaf number per plant and leaf dry weight were only affected by N regime (Table 1)
Summary
Nitrate (NO3−) constitutes the most important and available form of nitrogen (N) taken up readily in large quantities by vegetable crops to secure maximal productivity (Colla et al, 2010, 2011). The use of plant biostimulants which include beneficial microorganisms (i.e., mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) as well as natural substances or compounds (i.e., humic acids, seaweed extracts, and protein hydrolysates) has been introduced as an efficient, safe and environmentally friendly approach to ensure high yield and improve the quality in a sustainable manner (i.e., by enhancing nutrient use efficiency) (Colla and Rouphael, 2015; du Jardin, 2015; Rouphael et al, 2015, 2017c; Colla et al, 2017b). Plant-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) have gained prominence globally as natural plant biostimulants in vegetable cropping systems (Ertani et al, 2014, 2015; Colla et al, 2015). PHs have been shown to modulate the crop root system architecture (in particular the number of lateral roots), affecting the efficiency and uptake with which
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