Abstract
BackgroundA group of insecticides called pyrethroids has been used extensively worldwide and development of pyrethroid resistance within mosquito populations, especially in Aedes aegypti, has rapidly spread through populations. In this study, SDS-PAGE, 2-DE coupled with NanoLC-MS, and bioinformatics were used to analyze the female salivary gland proteins of pyrethroid-susceptible (PMD) and pyrethroid-resistant (PMD-R and UPK-R) strains of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for the first time.ResultsSDS-PAGE analysis revealed that among the three strains at least nine major proteins were detected but one protein band (20 kDa) was found only in the PMD strain. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis revealed 19 similarly expressed proteins in the salivary glands of the three strains involved in blood-feeding process, stress response, immunogenic response, and metabolic process and five additional major protein spots differentially expressed in the susceptible and resistant strains. Comparative analysis of the expression volume of each protein spot between the PMD and the PMD-R strains showed three downregulated proteins of the PMD-R mosquitoes. For UPK-R strains, six major proteins were downregulated when compared to the PMD strain. Additionally, four downregulated proteins were found in the UPK-R when compared to the PMD-R strain. These results suggest that pyrethroids might induce alteration of salivary gland proteins in resistant mosquitoes. Network analysis by STITCH database 5.0 showed that SRPN23 interacted with sodium and calcium ions, suggesting that SRPN23 might be involved in insecticide resistance.ConclusionsInformation obtained from this study will be useful for further studies on the roles of differentially expressed salivary gland proteins in resistance to insecticides and viral transmission.
Highlights
A group of insecticides called pyrethroids has been used extensively worldwide and development of pyrethroid resistance within mosquito populations, especially in Aedes aegypti, has rapidly spread through popula‐ tions
Insecticide susceptibility test To confirm the insecticide susceptibility status of the Ae. aegypti Pang Mei Daeng (PMD), Pang Mei Daeng resistant (PMD-R), and Upakhut resistant (UPK-R) strains, the mosquito strains were tested according to the WHO standard method [20]
The results revealed that the PMD strain was susceptible to both permethrin and deltamethrin, while the PMD-R strain was resistant to permethrin with 13.33% mortality and the UPK-R strain was resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin with zero and 1.67% mortality, respectively (Table 1)
Summary
A group of insecticides called pyrethroids has been used extensively worldwide and development of pyrethroid resistance within mosquito populations, especially in Aedes aegypti, has rapidly spread through popula‐ tions. Several mosquitoes have been reported as resistant to insecticides, especially to DDT, pyrethroids (i.e. permethrin and deltamethrin), carbamates (i.e. propoxur) and organophosphates (i.e., temephos and fenitrothion) [3, 4]. PMD-R (S/S989 + V/V1016 + C/C1534, or SS + VV + CC) is homozygous for C1534, lacks S989P and V1016G kdr mutations, and is resistant to both DDT and permethrin but susceptible to deltamethrin [10,11,12]. The UPK-R strain is homozygous for the G1016 kdr allele and resistant to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin It harbors P/P989 + G/G1016 + F/F1534, or PP + GG + FF [13,14,15]
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