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Abstract
BackgroundIt has been well accepted that glycans present in schistosomes are highly antigenic. However, it is not clear what kind of worm glycans can affect the infected host to mount IgG responses and whether mounted anti-glycan IgG responses are protective.MethodsThe contribution of antigenicity by glycans was measured by using competitive ELISA assay in sera from infected mice and humans. Monoclonal antibodies towards soluble Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens (SjEA) were generated from SjEA immunizated mice. The expression of glycans on surfaces of cercaria or young worm and their distributions were examined by immunofluorescence assay. The protective roles of glycans-specific mAbs were assayed by determination of the worm and egg burden in infected mice.ResultsBoth periodate-resistant glycans and periodate-sensitive glycans are antigenic in schistosome infections. When monoclonal antibodies against either periodate-sensitive or periodate-resistant glycans were administered prior to schistosome infections in mice, both kinds of anti-glycan antibodies were found to successfully provide protective immunity to infected mice.ConclusionsBoth periodate-resistant and periodate-sensitive glycans are antigenic, and dominant anti-glycan IgG responses can play important roles in protective immunity in schistosome infected hosts.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0842-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
It has been well accepted that glycans present in schistosomes are highly antigenic
To determine whether glycans on egg antigens contribute to IgG antibodies (IgGs) binding reactivities with untreated Schistosoma japonicum egg antigens (SjEA), competitive ELISA assay is used to measure loss of IgG binding activities with egg antigens if optimally diluted sera is pre-incubated with antigens devoid of proteins by proteinase K and carboxypeptidase Y treatment
When similar inhibition assay was performed on IgGs from infected mice, about 50% reduction was consistently observed by proteinase K and carboxypeptidase Y-treated SjEA
Summary
It has been well accepted that glycans present in schistosomes are highly antigenic. it is not clear what kind of worm glycans can affect the infected host to mount IgG responses and whether mounted anti-glycan IgG responses are protective. It has long been established that immunization with ionizing radiation-attenuated cercariae (RA) provides so far the best protective immunity in vaccinated rodents and primates [3,4]. This type of vaccine is not quite feasible for human use due to its complexity and potential side effects. Attempts have been made to use vaccines derived from recombinant proteins generated by prokaryotic expression. One of the underlying causes attributing to different efficacies between RA and recombinant proteins could be due to a lack of epitopes important for induction of protective immunity when vaccines are generated by prokaryotic expressing system
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